Essential Principles for Comparing Trademarks: A Comprehensive Guide to Avoiding Confusion in Trademark Law

The principles of comparison between two Trademarks which have evolved over time can be summarized as follows:

Firstly, one must evaluate the two marks in question, taking into account their appearance and pronunciation.

Secondly, the goods for which the marks are intended to be used must be considered.

Thirdly, the type of consumer who is likely to purchase these goods must also be taken into account.

Ultimately, all relevant circumstances must be carefully analyzed, including the likelihood of confusion that may arise from the use of each mark as a trademark for the goods of their respective owners in the normal course of trade.

If, after considering all of these factors, it is determined that there is a likelihood of confusion, then registration of the mark in question may be refused, or rather, must be refused.

It is important to note that confusion does not necessarily mean that one party will be harmed and the other party will receive an undue benefit; rather, confusion simply refers to the potential for a mix-up in the minds of the public, which could in turn lead to confusion with respect to the goods in question.